This experiment was conducted to study three types of Ruminal degradability of protein whey powder brands with product Shyzr Gloshad Mashhad Food Industries (WP1), whey powder brand Nasr Dalia (WP2) and whey powder product Khorasan Pegah (WP3 ) with 2 Holstein male calves with Ruminal fistula. first, The chemical properties include: moisture, ash, fat, lactose and protein were measured. Later, using Tris buffer samples were extracted proteins and the extracted proteins were determined electrophoresis. For nylon bag technique, the amounts of 5 gram of whey powder samples were placed inside the bag. Incubation times were: 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Gel electrophoresis showed that the major protein in whey powder consisted of β-lactoglobulin. lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulin. These proteins are respectively 50, 20, 10 and 10 percent of total whey proteins in powder form nylon bag Results showed that at 0, 2, 4 and 48 hours incubation, WP1 and WP2 and 72 hours incubation, WP2 highest amount of protein degradability (p<0. 05). At the same time, results also showed that WP1 the highest of soluble protein amount and WP2 highest of protein effective degradability in rumen (p<0. 05). It is also, WP1 and WP2 samples had the highest rate of degradability in 0. 20 per hour (p<0. 05). This study showed the highest effective Ruminal degradability of protein whey powder samples related to WP2, WP1, respectively.

Introduction: This study was carried out to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds of Pistacia atlantica leaf at different stages of growth. Intestinal digestibility of determined by nylon bags method. Materials and Methods: In order to prepare experimental treatments, Pistacia atlantica leaf (PAL) were collected and dried in three stages (early growing season, mid and end of growing season) from foothills of the around the city of Birjand. The treatments were: 1. PAL in early growing season, 2. PAL in middle of growing season, and 3. PAL at the end of growing season. Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was determined. The total amount of phenolic compounds was measured. The total amount of tannins was obtained by calculating the difference between before and after the reaction with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). Condensed tannin was measured. Antioxidant activity was measured by 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picaril hydrazil (DPPH). To investigate nutritional value of Pistacia atlantica leaf (PAL) by nylon bags method, two Holstein cows fitted with a flexible rumen fistula, fed forage and concentrate in total mixed ration (TMR) at maintenance level twice daily. To determine degradability coefficients, 5 g of DM of PAL sample (ground using 2 mm screen mill) were placed in individual polyester bags and feed samples were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. Also, ruminal and post ruminal digestibility were determined with the incubation of samples for 16 hours in the rumen by Daisy system. Results and Discussion: The results showed with the advance stage of growth increased, percentage of dry matter, Ash, NDF and ADF. The highest amount of dry matter belonged to the end of the growing season (49. 41%) and the lowest was related to the beginning of the growing season (19. 51%). The highest amount of crude protein observed at the first stage (early growth) (16. 41%) and the lowest at the end of the growing season (P<0. 05). With the advancement of the growth stage, the percentage of NDF and ADF was increased (P <0. 05). The highest average crude fat was related to the second stage (5. 62%) and the lowest average was observed in the first stage (1. 82%). The highest average ash was related to the end of growing season (7. 27%) and the lowest average was observed in the first stage (5. 58%). The highest antioxidant and phenolic compounds was observed in the early stages of growth, this amount decreased in the third stage. The most unsaturated fatty acids of this oil were linolenic acid (26. 54%), linoleic acid (10. 88%) and oleic acid (12. 5%). Also the most saturated fatty acid of this oil was palmitic acid (18. 02%). Pistacia leaf oil used in the experiment was contain a 44. 85 % saturated fatty acids, 17. 83 % unsaturated fatty acid with one double bond, 10. 88 % unsaturated fatty acid with two double bonds and 26. 54 % unsaturated fatty acids with three double bonds. With increasing incubation time degradability of dry matter and crude protein increased. The rapid part degradation of the dry matter was 28. 33% and its effective degradation at the passage rates of 0. 04, 0. 06 and 0. 08 was 48. 29, 43. 39 and 40. 40% respectively. The lowest constant degradation rate (c) was found for crude protein (0. 0137). Most effective degradability was observed in 4% pass rate. The effective degradation rate was reduced by increasing the pass rate. Ruminal digestibility of dry matter and crude protein was higher than digestibility of post-ruminal. Overall, the digestibility of dry matter in the total digestive tract was higher than crude protein digestibility. This is due to the high rumen digestibility of dry matter compared with the digestibility of crude protein. Conclusions: Based upon the present research it is concluded that Pistacia atlantica leaf has good degradability. It has high nutritional value and compatible or even is a good alternative to conventional feed ingredients in livestock feed. Also, Pistacia atlantica leaf is rich in phenolic compounds and antioxidant, and it can be used as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants. Due to having about 55. 25 percent unsaturated fatty acids, it has a high nutritional value and could be used in livestock diets in order to enrich and enhance oxidative stability of animal products.

This study was carried out to determine rapeseed meal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation characteristics by using nylon bags and SDS-PAGE techniques. There were significant differences (p<0.05) between the effective rumen degradability values of untreated and roasted rapeseed meal CP at different rumen outflow rates. The rumen degradability of untreoted and treated rapeseed meal DM and CP at ruminal outflow rate of 0.05/h were 83.3 and 71.4 % for DM, 82.7 and 68.3% for CP, respectively. From the slab gel analysis, rapeseed meal proteins were composed of two major components napin and cruciferin, accounting for approximately 18.8 and 52.9 percent of the total meal protein, respectively. Both proteins were multisubunits. The molecular weights of 32.0, 26.8, 21.1, 20.5 KDa for cruciferin subunits and 8.5, 10.8 KDa for napin subunits were observed in this trial. Electrophoretic and densitometric analysis of untreated rapeseed meal protein residues revealed that napin subunits were degraded completely within 2 h, whereas the four subunits of cruciferin were not degraded after 48 h incubation. In roasted rapeseed meal, napin subunits were resistant untilll2 h incubation. The four subunits of cruciferin were more resistant to degradation. There were significant differences (p<0.05) between crude protein digestibility of untreated and roasted rapeseed meal. Crude protein digestibility of untreated rapeseed meal at 0,8, 12and 24 h incubation were 65.32, 73.28, 73.50,75.30 percent and for roasted rapeseed meal were 66.28, 71.38, 73.12, 75.50 percent. In conclusion, SDS-PAGE indicated that four subunits of cruciferin when untreated rapeseed protein, wheareas two subunits of napin and four subunits of cruciferin when roasted rapeseed protein are fed to ruminants, make the bulk of escaped protein.

This experiment was conducted to determine the chemical composition, digestibility and degradability of restaurant waste (RW) using in vivo, nylon bags and gas production techniques. Sixteen male Ghezel* Arkhar-Merino hybrid sheep (43±0.5 kg average weight) were used in the in vivo digestibility method. Experimental diets were including 0, 40, 50 and 60 percent of RW along with alfalfa as basal diet. Two fistulated Ghezele*Arkhar-Merino hybrid sheep (40±1.5 kg average weight) were used in the in situ method. Chemical composition of RW including dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) were 33.4, 14, 15, 1.8, 15.2 and 6.8 percent respectively. Average gas production and metabolisable energy content of RW calculated using in vitro gas production technique were 87.7 (ml/g DM) and 3.27 Mcal/kg DM respectively. Dry matter and crude protein degradability of restaurant waste were 49.2, 44.8 and 41.2 percent for DM and 71.1, 64.6 and 59.2 percent for CP respectively in the passage rates of 2, 5 and 8 percents per hour. These results indicated that the restaurant waste can be use in the ruminant rations.

This experiment carried out to determination of the chemical composition and degradability of sorghum silage at two maturity stage. Sorghum forage harvested at two maturity stage being vegetative and bloom. The chopped forages were ensiled in mini- silo for 81 days. The silages were tested for chemical composition and degradation characteristics of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber. The nylon bags method was used for determination of the sorghum silage degradability. The results showed, with increasing maturity, content of crude protein (8.54 to 6.90 %DM), total tannins (1.48 to 0.18 %DM), water soluble carbohydrates (19.72 to 11.35 g/kg) and calcium (0.059 to 0.049 %DM) of sorghum silage significantly decreased (p<0.05). The amount of neutral detergent fiber content (NDF), acid detergent fiber content (ADF), ether extract, ash, condensed tannins, sodium, phosphorus and potassium were not significantly different among treatments. The degradability of dry matter, crude protein and NDF increased with advancing maturity stage, but degradation parameters (section of quickly and slowly degradation) were not significantly different at two maturity stage. It is concluded, sorghum forage harvested at vegetative stage was more beneficial than the bloom stage for ensiling.

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and degradability characteristics of a pasture plant Salsola tomentosa by nylon bags method. The sampling was performed from the northern region of plain’s Gonabad city in three growth stages (vegetative, flowering and seeding). The samples dried in air, were milled and their chemical composition were determined. To determine the degradability of dry matter, protein, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber, two fistulated cows were used and degradation of samples were measured and calculated at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. The results of this study showed that the highest of protein and organic matter percentage were 10.34% and 76.75% respectively in vegetative stage and there was statistically difference between growth difference stages. The highest amount of ash was observed in seeding stage (31.9%). Advancing growth stage was associated with decreasing plant protein and increasing acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Dagradability of dry matter, crude protein, ADF and NDF were greater in vegetative stage as compared with other stages. Degradabilities of NDF, ADF and CP were decreased significantly as growth increased. The results of this study showed that with advancing of growth stage, concentration of CP decreased, and fiber content increased and degradabilities of CP, NDF and ADF were decreased significantly as growth increased.

This study was conducted to determination of the effects of supplementation of alfalfa with fresh whey and bacterial additive before ensiling on the dry matter, organic matter and crude protein degradability’ s by nylon bags. Experimental treatments included the levels of 0, 30, 60, and 90 g fresh whey per kg of fresh alfalfa were added to the alfalfa silage with and without bacterial additive (3 × 10 8 cfu per g fresh alfalfa). Degradability of silage determined using in situ technique with 4 replications (2 replications per sheep) at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours incubation. The data were analyzed in a factorial based (2×4) on a completely randomized design. The highest dry matter degradability was observed for alfalfa silage treatment with 60 g fresh whey, which was observed for 2, 4, 12, 72 and 96 hours of rumen incubation (p<0. 05). The parameter of fraction a of DM in treatments with bacterial additive was not significantly different to compared with control, but in treatments with whey at three different levels (30, 60 and 90 g fresh whey), the significant increase was observed (p<0. 05). After 48 h incubation the highest crude protein degradability was for treatment including 90 g whey and bacterial additive and lowest amount was for treatment including 60 g whey and bacterial additive (p<0. 05). The results showed that the addition of whey at different levels increased rapidly degradable, slow degradable fractions and effective degradability of dry matter.

Background and objectives: Condensed tannins, as a main limiting factor in some of the agricultural byproducts, can negatively affect feed intake, digestibility and feed efficiency in ruminants. So many research data are available about the effects of different chemical and physical treatments on condensed tannins levels and activity in tanniferous plants. Red grape pomace is one of the main agro-industrial byproducts with medium to high levels of high activity condensed tannins. However high condensed tannins limit its use in farm animals feeding. Processing with irradiation based techniques can be served as green processing methods without negative environmental effects. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of electron irradiation on chemical composition, levels of anti-nutrients and nutritive value parameters of grape pomace in vitro and in situ. Materials and methods: Air-dried (under shade) grape pomace was irradiated by electron beam using Rodotron system in 50, 100, and 150 kilogrey. Effects of irradiation were examined on chemical compositions as well as phenolic compounds. Three fistulated Holstein male steers were used to prepare and incubation of the samples in situ within the rumen according to randomized complete block design in two separate runs. Results: Electron irradiation reduced crude protein, total phenolics and total, condensed and protein and fiber bound tannins. In addition, the bioactivity of phenolics reduced in irradiated samples. Electron irradiation increased in vitro gas production and ruminal degradability compared to the control. Ruminal protein degradability and metabolizable energy increased in all of the treatment groups. Electron processing also increased the total amount of volatile fatty acids in all of the treatment compared to the control. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the effectiveness of electron irradiation in increasing red grape pomace nutritional value. According to the results, irradiation with 100 Kg can be considered as an optimal processing level.

The crude protein degradability of feedstuffs is a important factor for providing of complement requirements of rumen microorganisms. This experiment was conducted using two fistulated-sheep and nylon bag technique for determination of dry matter and crude protein degradability of second-cut alfalfa, red clover, wheat barley grain, cotton seed meal and corn grain. Crude protein, Ether Extract and Ash Values were 22.64, 1.97, 10.2 and 17.71, 1.48,9.64 and 39.65,8.08,6.26 and 14.31, 2.6,5.2 and 9.07, 4.2, 1036 and 10.62, 2.12, 2.43 percentage for alfalfa hay, red clover, cottonseed meal, wheat brain, corn grain and barley grain respectively. The means and standard deviation of in situ degradabilities of dry matter and Curde Protein were in alfalfa hay: 47± 1.41 and 54.89±1.81, red clover: 51±1.1 barley grain: 69±3 and 68±2.5, corn grain: 64±0.7 and 62±1.4, w±eat bran: n.15±0.21 and 87.5±1.47 and cottonseed meal: 47.5±0.7 and 45.5±0.7 respectively. The result obtained from degradability study in this experiment can be used for calculating metabolizable protein in balanced ration formulation.